Title: Sanitary conditions improvement of West Siberian cities at the end 19th – beginning of the 20th century)
Author: Tatarnikova Anna Ivanovna
Affiliation: Tobolsk Complex Scientific Station, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences;
Mendeleev Tobolsk Pedagogical Institute (Branch of Tyumen State University)
Section: Russian history
For citation: Tatarnikova A. I. Sanitary conditions improvement of West Siberian cities at the end 19th – beginning of the 20th century). Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology, 2016, vol. 15, no. 8: History, p. 96–107. (in Russ.)
UDC code: 351.777 (571.12)
Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems of sanitary accomplishment of cities of Western Siberia and ways of their decision by local governments and citizens. The consequences of modernization such as urbanization, complication of construction and planning, development of social infrastructure influenced various aspects of social life in West Siberian region at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. The sanitary condition of urban environment deteriorated. In terms of urbanization increase, intensive migration and mass epidemics in the indicated period, local authorities faced the problems of sanitary conditions improvement and health protection of locals. They tried to solve them both with the help of increase of budget expenses, issuing proper orders and with reference to public initiative when it came to urban cleanliness and order as well as sanitary instruction of citizens, organization of strict supervision of urban environment condition. An instructive example of that was the cholera epidemic in 1892, which was the reason of death of thousands of people and at the same time showed the importance of following sanitary and hygienic rules for prevention of mass epidemics. The result of the cooperation between local authorities and citizens was positive changes in sanitary condition improvement at the local level: marshes drained, city squares and parks appeared, people tried to make central streets and squares cleaner, waste dumps taken under control.In 1900s running water system was set in a number of cities including Tyumen, Omsk and Tomsk, sewerage system was improved and some laboratories appeared that controlled the quality of drinking water. Though, positive changes in sanitary condition were recorded in big cities only (Tyumen, Omsk, Barnaul, Novonikolaevsk, Tomsk), other smaller cities remained almost unchanged.
Key words: city, urban environment, sanitary condition, sanitary condition improvement, local authorities, citizens.
References
Adrianov A. V. Gorod Tomsk v proshlom i nastoyaschem [City of Tomsk in Past and Present]. Tomsk, Tipografya Mikhailova i Makushina, 1890, 433 p. (in Russ.)
Alisov D. A. Administrativnye tsentry Zapadnoi Sibiri: gorodskaya sreda i sotsiokul’turnoe razvitie (1870 1914 gg.): Avtoref. dis. … d-ra ist. nauk [Western Siberian Administrative Centers: Urban Milieu and Socio-cultural Development (1870–1914). Abstract of thesis for doctor of historical sciences degree]. Omsk, 2007, 51 p. (in Russ.)
Dmitrienko N. М. Sibirskii gorod Tomsk v XIX – pervoi treti XX vv.: upravlenie, economika, naselenie [Siberian city of Tomsk in the 19th – 1st third of the 20th century: administration, economy, population]. Тоmsk, Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta, 2000, 280 p. (in Russ.)
Entsiklopediya goroda Omska [Encyclopedia of Omsk City]. Оmsk, «LEO» Publ., 2009, vol. 1. Оmsk: оt proshlogo k nastoyaschemu (period s 1716 po 2008 g.) [Omsk: from past to present (1716–2008 period)], 920 p. (in Russ.)
Golodnikov K. M. Gorod Tobol’sk i ego okrestnosti: istoricheskii ocherk [The City of Tobolsk and its Surroundings: Historical Essay]. Tobolsk, Tipografya Tobol’skogo gubernskogo pravleniya, 1887, 139 p. (in Russ.)
Goncharov Yu. M. Brachnost’, rozhdaemost’ i smertnost’ v gorodakh Zapadnoi Sibiri vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX vv. [Marriage rate, fertility and mortality in Western Siberian cities from the 2nd half of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century]. Naselenie, upravlenie, ekonomika, kulturnaya zhizn’ Sibiri XVII – nachala XX vv. [Siberia’s Population, Administration, Economy, Cultural Life in the 17th – Beginning of the 20th Century]. Barnaul, 2003, p. 3–23. (in Russ.)
Goncharov Yu. M., Ivonin A. R. Ocherki istorii goroda Tary kontsa XVI – nachala XX vv. [The Essays on History of Tara City from the End of the 16th to the Beginning of the 20th Century]. Barnaul, «Az Buka» Publ., 2006, 188 p. (in Russ.)
Goroda Rossii v 1910 g. [Russian Cities in 1910]. St.-Petersburg, Tipo-Litografya N. L. Nyrkina, 1914, 1158 p. (in Russ.)
Grechischev K. M. Gorod Tomsk vo vrachebno-sanitarnom otnoshenii [The City of Tomsk in Medical and Sanitary Relation]. Тоmsk, Tipografya N. I. Orlovoi, 1906, 22 p. (in Russ.)
Isroriya obschestvennogo samoupravleniya v Sibiri vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX vv. [The History of Cvic Self-governance in Siberia from the 2nd Half of the 19th to the Beginning of the 20th Century]. Novosibirsk, «Sova» Publ., 2006, 351 p. (in Russ.)
Klyachkin V. E. Sanitarnyi ocherk goroda Surguta Tobol’skoi gubernii (po statisticheskim dannym) [The sanitary essay of Tobolsk province’s Surgut city (based on statistical data)]. Trudy obschestva estestvoispytatelei i vrachei pri Tomskom universitete za 1894 g. [Works of Tomsk University Naturalists and Medics’ Society per 1894]. Тоmsk, 1894, p. 269–339. (in Russ.)
Kupriyanov А. I. Russkii gorod v pervoi polovine XIX veka: Obschestvennyi byt i kul’tura gorozhan Zapadnoi Sibiri [Russian City in the 1st half of the 19th Century: Public Everyday Life and Culture of Western Siberian Citizens]. Мoscow, «AIRO-XX» Publ., 1995, 160 p. (in Russ.)
Len К. V. Deyatel’nost’ obschestvennykh upravlenii gorodov Altaiskogo okruga po razvitiyu blagoustroistva i sanitarno-epidemiologicheskomu kontrolyu v 70–90-е gg. XIX v. [Work of Altay area cities’ community control for site improvement growth and sanitary-epidemiological monitoring in 1870s – 1890s]. Аltaiskii sbornik [The Altay Miscellany]. Barnaul, 2000, iss. 20, p. 108–116. (in Russ.)
Obzor Tomskoi gubernii za 1882 g. [Tomsk Province’s Review per 1882]. Тоmsk, Gubernskaya tipografya, 1883, 68 p. (in Russ.)
Obzor Tomskoi gubernii za 1883 g. [Tomsk Province’s Review per 1883]. Тоmsk, Gubernskaya tipografya, 1884, 108 p. (in Russ.)
Pamyatnaya knizhka Zapadnoi Sibiri [The Memorable Book of Western Siberia]. Оmsk, Tipografya okruzhnogo shtaba, 1881, 390 p. (in Russ.)
Remezov А. Оcherk sanitarnogo sostoyaniya Zapadnoi Sibiri [The Essay on Western Siberia’s Sanitary Situation]. Оmsk, Tipografya okruzhnogo shtaba, 1880, 263 p. (in Russ.)
Skubnevskii V. А., Goncharov Yu. М. Goroda Sibiri vo vtoroi polovine XIX – nachale XX v. [The Cities of Siberia in the 2nd half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century]. Barnaul, Izdatel’stvo Altaiskogo universiteta, 2003, pt. 1. Naselenie, ekonomika [Population, economy], 360 p. (in Russ.)
Svod zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii [Russian Empire’s Code of Laws]. St.-Petersburg, Tipografya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoi E. I. V. Kantselyarii, 1857, vol. 13. Ustavy o narodnom prodovol’stvii, obschestvennom prizrenii i vrachebnye [Statutes of public provision, community charity and medical], 996 p. (in Russ.)
Tobol’skie gubernskie vedomosti [Tobolsk Provincial Gazette]. 1893. No. 9, 10, 16, 27. (in Russ.)
Vysochaishe utverzhdennoe 16-gо iyunya 1870 g. Gorodovoe polozhenie s ob’yasneniyami [Supreme Confrmed on June 16, 1870, City Statute with Clarifcations]. St.-Petersburg, Hozyaistvennyi departament MVD, 1870, 243 p. (in Russ.)
Zheravina А. N. Тоmsk vtoroi poloviny XIX – nachala XX v. (po materialam dorevolyutsionnoi pechati) [Tomsk in the 2nd half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials of Pre-revolutionary Press)]. Тоmsk, Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta, 2010, 402 p. (in Russ.)
Zverev V. А. Start modernizatsii: demografcheskie protsessy v gorodakh i seleniyakh Sibiri (konets XIX – nachalo XX v.) [The start of modernization: demographic processes in Siberia’s cities and settlements (end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century)]. Sibir’ v XVII–XX vv.: demografcheskie protsessy I obschestvenno-politicheskaya zhizn’ [Siberia in the 17th – 20th Centuries: Demographic Processes and Socio-political Life]. Novosibirsk, 2006, p. 57–72. (in Russ.)